Arequipa

For the cactus genus, see Oreocereus.
Arequipa, Peru
Church of the Jesuits.

Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): La Ciudad Blanca (The White City), The Rome of America
Arequipa, Peru
Location in Peru
Coordinates:
Country Peru
Region Arequipa
Province Arequipa
Established 15 August 1540
Government
 • Mayor Alfredo Zegarra Tejada
Area
 • City 9,862.02 km2 (3,807.7 sq mi)
 • Metro 2,923.53 km2 (1,128.8 sq mi)
Elevation 2,335 m (7,661 ft)
Population (2007)
 • City 749,921
 • Density 76/km2 (196.9/sq mi)
Time zone PET (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) PET (UTC−5)
Area code(s) 54
Website www.munarequipa.gob.pe

Arequipa (Spanish pronunciation: [aɾeˈkipa]) is the capital city of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru. With a population of 836,859 it is the second most populous city of the country. Arequipa lies in the Andes mountains, at an altitude of 2,335 meters (7,661 ft) above sea level; the former snow-capped volcano El Misti overlooks the city.

The city has many colonial-era Spanish buildings built of sillar, a pearly white volcanic rock, from which it gets the nickname La Ciudad Blanca ("The White City").[1] Reportedly, it first acquired this nickname in the colonial era, because most of its inhabitants were Creole of Iberian descent. The historic centre of Arequipa was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2000, in recognition of its architecture and historic integrity.

Soon after its founding, the city became a major commercial hub of southern Peru, accumulating commercial and administrative functions. In times of the Viceroyalty of Peru it was an important economic hub in southern Peru. It played a significant role in the history of the Republic of Peru, declaring itself "Capital of the Republic" during the government of Montero. Arequipa has also been home of many of the outstanding intellectual and political figures, as well as religious icons, in the country. In recent decades it has become an important industrial and commercial center in Peru, now being the second most industrialized city in Perú.

It has several industrial parks, as the city has close trade ties with Chile, Bolivia and Brazil; it also has links with cities connected by the Southern Railway and with the port of Matarani.

Contents

Name

There are various traditions about the name, said to come from the Quechua or Aymara languages. One tradition says that the Inca Mayta Cápac received a petition from his subjects to reach the valley of the Chili. They requested permission to stay in the region, because they were amazed by the beautiful scenery and mild climate. The Inca responded, "Ari qhipay" (in Quechua: "Yes, stay"). This was the etymology described by a Calancha father, which was translated by J. Ignacio Gamio.

Another version was that of the missionary Padre Blas Sailing and the 16th century Peruvian historian, Inca Garcilaso de la Vega. They said that the name came from an old dialect of Aymara. Ari qquepan (literally, way of war horn) was named after a marine snail which the Indians used as a horn. In English the phrase means "trumpet sound".

Juan de la Cruz Salas y Sanchez and the historian Ernst Middendorf proposed an etymology that recognized the area was settled by people of highland (Aymara) origin. They contend the name is derived from Aymara, with the phrase ari qhipaya; ari (acute, sharp or pointed) and qhipaya (behind), meaning "behind the bill", referring to the volcanic cone of El Misti, Arequipa, which dominates the skyline.

The Incas believed Cuzco to be the center of the world. They referred to the area of Arequipa as the "land or place behind the volcanoes", or other location behind the mountains, or ariq qipao. They also believe that when the name "Arequipa" is heard, one must repeat this name again. An urban legend tells that once a battle of "Arequipa" yelling between Jon B. And Ran M. lasted 24 hours just before Ran won the game.

Climate

The climate of Arequipa is warm and rather dry all through the year. Arequipa lies alongside the southernmost tip of Peru's Desert Coast and enjoys plenty of sunny weather, with daytime temperatures rarely dipping much below 20 °C (68 °F) or thereabouts.

However, by night, temperatures in Arequipa can drop sharply, particularly in June, July and August, when evening temperatures hover around 10 °C (50 °F), and at times fall to 5 °C (41 °F).

Despite its location well within the tropical zone along with the rest of the entire nation of Peru, Arequipa's exceptionally high elevation allows temperatures in the city, even on the sultriest summer days, to never typically exceed 25 °C (77 °F).

Arequipa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D
 
 
28
 
22
9
 
 
36
 
21
9
 
 
21
 
21
9
 
 
0.7
 
22
7
 
 
0.2
 
22
6
 
 
0
 
21
6
 
 
0
 
21
6
 
 
1.8
 
22
6
 
 
1.4
 
22
6
 
 
0.2
 
23
7
 
 
1.1
 
23
7
 
 
4.3
 
22
8
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: World Weather Organization
Climate data for Arequipa, Peru
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 22
(72)		 21
(70)		 24
(75)		 25
(77)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 22
(72)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 23
(73)		 22.7
(72.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) 15.5
(59.9)		 15
(59)		 16
(61)		 16
(61)		 14
(57)		 13.5
(56.3)		 13.5
(56.3)		 13.5
(56.3)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.5
(58.1)		 15
(59)		 15.5
(59.9)		 14.7
(58.5)
Average low °C (°F) 9
(48)		 9
(48)		 8
(46)		 7
(45)		 6
(43)		 5
(41)		 5
(41)		 5
(41)		 6
(43)		 6
(43)		 7
(45)		 8
(46)		 6.75
(44.15)
Precipitation mm (inches) 28
(1.1)		 40
(1.57)		 21
(0.83)		 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.04)		 1
(0.04)		 0
(0)		 1
(0.04)		 5
(0.2)		 98
(3.86)
Source: The Weather Network [2]

History

Arequipa is located in the southwestern part of the country and is the second biggest city of Peru, with a population of almost one million. It is the largest city in the Peruvian Andes. It is also the capital of the department of Arequipa, 1,000 km from Lima. The city sits at an altitude of 2,335 metres above sea level in a mountainous desert in the western Andes, at the foot of El Misti volcano.

El Misti is currently inactive, but had strong eruptions between the years 1438 and 1471. It is located between two small volcanoes, Chachani and Picchu Picchu. Both names come from the Quechua language from the Inca Empire. Arequipa has more than 80 volcanoes nearby, most of which can be found in the Valley of the Volcanoes. Unfortunately the city was built on a very earthquake prone area, and was completely destroyed by earthquakes and volcanic eruptions during the 17th century.

There is archaeological evidence of the Aymaras from the pre Inca period in Lake Titicaca. During the 15th century, the region occupied by the Aymaras was conquered by the Incas and served as an important provider of agricultural products for the Inca Empire. One explanation of the name is that the Aymara named the city Ari, which means "peak", and quipa, "to lie behind". Therefore, the name Arequipa means "The place that lies behind the peak (Misti)".

The modern city of Arequipa was founded on 15 August 1540 by Garci Manuel de Carbajal, an emissary of the conqueror Francisco Pizarro. A year later King Charles V of Spain gave it the rank of city and the coat of arms that it still bears.

On 21 July 1821, Don José de San Martín declared Peru's independence from the Spanish colony, and during the 19th century Arequipa housed many Peruvian nationalists. During this period Arequipa became known across the continent as a land of leaders, and for the courage of the Arequipeñan rebels.

Its colonial buildings were erected in sillar (pearl coloured volcanic rock) which was used abundantly throughout the city, giving it the nickname of "The White City". The historic centre was named a World Heritage site by UNESCO in December 2000 due to its architecture and historical integrity. "The historic centre of Arequipa is an example of ornamental architecture, representing a masterpiece of the European creative coalition and native characteristics." "A colonial village challenged by the conditions of nature, indigenous influence, the process of conquest and evangelization as well as spectacular natural scenery."

The White City of Arequipa has become the centre of economic growth in the south and is one of the most important milk producers in the country. This has allowed Arequipa to develop and grow in population and change over the years. In the mid-20th century there was an influx of immigration from the highlands and mountain areas, and now Arequipa's population is a mixture of Spanish, indigenous and mixed.[3]

Geography

The city of Arequipa is located in the southwestern part of the country, between the coastal area of the coastal desert and the spurs of the western Andes. It possesses a series of volcanic cones such as "El Misti", "Chachani" and "Pichu Pichu". Its territory is rugged due to the presence of the Andes in the west of the continent, and is characterized by thick layers of volcanic lava that cover large areas of its geography. There are low-lying plains and dunes that are features. Particularly beautiful and developed are those seen on the plains of Majes, Sihuas and La Joya.

The city is located at an altitude of 2328 m; the lowest part of the city lies at an altitude of 2041 m. in El Huayco and Uchumayo. The highest point is located to 2810 m. The city is crossed by the River Chili from north to south.

Demography

The agglomeration of Arequipa, according to INEI references, is composed of 13 continuous and densely populated districts that concentrate 95.31% of the metropolitan population. The population of the conurbation is 783,165 inhabitants.

Metropolitan Arequipa has a metropolitan population of 821.692 inhabitants, equivalent to 71.31% of the population of the department of Arequipa. This is 95.07% of the population of the province of Arequipa and 3.00% of total population of Peru, making it the largest city in southern Peru and the second most populous.

It has an urban population that accounts for 99.26% of the population census of 2007 and this is distributed among the 19 metropolitan districts as follows:

Metropolitan Municipalities Extension
km²		 Housing
(Census 2007)		 Population
(hab) *		 Population less than one year
Birth (hab) *		 Density
(hab/km²)*		 Altitude
msnm*		 Distance
Arequipa (km)[4]		 Map of the Metropolitan Area
Arequipa ** 12,8 17.062 61.591 699 4811,8 2.335 0
Alto Selva Alegre ** 6,98 18.638 72.696 1.135 10.432,4 2.500 5
Cayma ** 246,31 20.267 74.776 1.227 308,2 2.403 2
Cerro Colorado ** 174,9 35.805 113.171 1.978 611,2 2.406 4
Jacobo Hunter ** 20,37 10.543 46.092 724 2.268,8 2.268 7
José Luis Bustamante y Rivero ** 10,83 18.806 76.410 1.070 70.042,5 2.310 2
Mariano Melgar ** 29,83 12.843 52.144 872 1.786,9 2.385 3
Miraflores ** 28,68 13.133 50.704 742 1.817,1 2.430 1
Paucarpata ** 31,7 29.351 120.446 1.982 4.031,4 2.405 3
Sachaca ** 36,63 4.806 17.537 273 100,5 2.390 4
Socobaya** 18,64 16.069 59.671 853 3.247,5 2.300 3
Yanahuara ** 2,2 6.626 22.890 217 9.100,5 2.390 3
Tiabaya ** 31,62 3.761 14.677 247 475,7 2.178 8
Characato 86,0 3.286 6.726 96 61,5 2.480 10
Mollebaya 36,6 588 1.410 25 26,7 2.483 7
Sabandia 537 1.178 3.699 56 30 2.220 8
Uchumayo 22,14 3.280 10.672 175 45,1 1.950 16
Yura 1.942,9 6.179 16.020 273 8,1 2.590 28
Total 3.220,53 222.221 821.692 12.644 — — —
*Data from the census conducted by INEI[5]
**Districts of the conurbation

Economy

The contribution of the city of Arequipa to Peru's GDP is 5.7% (74.2% of GDP in the Arequipa region), being the second highest in the country.

According to recent reports on the American Economy it is the "City with greatest economic growth in Latin America", presenting a percentage change in GDP per capita of 66.1% in the period 2003–2008. Also in the 2007–2008 period it was the city with the highest percentage change in GDP in Latin America with a variation of 9.59%.

The city of Arequipa has certain characteristics which give it economic importance, among which are:

The city of Arequipa from the 20th century has developed industries related to the primary sector and the alpaca and wool industries, providing a center of exchange and mediation in the southern Andes, and serving as a link between the coast and the mountains.

The city of Arequipa, in the "Specialized Household Survey on Employment Levels 2007", is the city after Lima with the largest number of people economically suitable for work amounting to 625,547 people, and the most economically active population (PEA) which amounts to 376,764 people. In the same survey the city of Arequipa has a rate of work activity above the national average.

The economically active population is distributed as follows: quarrying activities (7.1%), manufacturing (12.9%), construction (4.8%), trade (23%), non-personal services (36, 6%), personal services (11.4%), households (4.1%).

The city shows high percentages of income. The income from the PEA of Arequipa is located above the national average. The city is one of the cities with highest earnings in Peru, together with the city of Cajamarca, Cusco, Metropolitan Lima and Puno; these four cities and Arequipa are above the Peru average.

Industry

The city's industrial sector has the highest level of diversification, and Arequipa is the second most industrialized city in Perú, product of the Industrial Park that was established during the first government of Fernando Belaúnde Terry. After two major earthquakes, in 1958 and 1960, with the Law of the Committee for the Rehabilitation and Development of Arequipa,the Industrial Park was built with two or three factories at that time, and the Yura Cement factory.

The city's industrial sector comprises industrial parks which include the "Parque Industrial de Arequipa" (for large and medium enterprises), the "Industrial Park APIMA" (small enterprises) and the "Industrial Park Rio Seco" and industrial areas in the Alfonso Ugarte avenue, in Uchumayo, and in the North.

Currently in the Arequipa Industrial Park there are over 150 companies, including: Alicorp SAA, Processed Foods SA, Laive, La Iberica, Manuel Muñoz Najar, Bin Pan SA, Consorcio Industrial Arequipa SA, Omniagro, Backus and Johnston, Corporación Aceros Arequipa, etc. Also in Arequipa is a well-developed cotton textile industry as well as alpaca and wool factories represented by: Francky and Ricky, Michell & Cia, and IncaTops.

Tourism

Tourism is an important economic factor for Arequipa, the third most visited city in Peru. 1,217,254 people visited Arequipa in 2008, 290,983 of whom were foreign (23.9%). It is the third most visited city in Peru after Lima and Cuzco.

People who visit this city can admire the colonial architecture in the historical center of Arequipa, the magnificent Inca terraces in the countryside surrounding districts, and a very extensive landscape, product of human and nature creation, an important factor in its declaration as Cultural Heritage Humanity.

Arequipa Travel Guide and Colca Canyon Travel Guide include first-hand information for a visit, with the best selection of hotels and tours.

Historical architecture

The city was founded on 15 August 1540 by several Spanish conquistadors, in a valley formerly inhabited by successive pre-Hispanic cultures, who provided the place names of the city and its surroundings. Opposite the Spanish trace survives the nearest Indian village (now suburb of San Lazaro).

The role of the "sillar", (volcanic rock) began in the last third of the 16th century. This volcanic stone, pearl or pink in color, free, inexhaustible, soft, light, thermal, aesthetic and weatherproof, emerged as a seismic structural solution. Sillar was not used much in the early years, except for the covers of the main church and some houses. The original Arequipa was built with adobe, masonry, sticks and straw roofs or mud pie. Houses of this type were made until the 19th century and were common in the 18th century; some remain in the original district of San Lazaro. Later came the brick and tile houses, as found in the Monastery of Santa Catalina. The cataclysm of 1582 settled these systems and raised the issue of earthquake reconstruction. It appeared then that sillar was the prime structural solution.

Great earthquakes marked milestones in the formation of the architecture of Arequipa. There were five main periods:

The sillar has had a gravitating presence in the region, since the almost magical use by pre-Incan cultures. The early settlers of the region used it to make petroglyphs and pictographs.

Currently the most important ashlar (dressed sillar) constructions are:

Monuments and Buildings

Historic centre of Arequipa *
Country Peru
Type Cultural
Criteria i.iv
Reference 1016
Region ** Latin America and the Caribbean
Inscription history
Inscription 2000 (24th Session)
* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List
** Region as classified by UNESCO

Suburbs

Transportation

Air Transport

The city of Arequipa has Rodríguez Ballón International Airport. It is located in the district of Cerro Colorado, about 12 km. northwest of the centre at an altitude of 2561 meters and has an asphalt runway 2,980 m by 45 m. The airport holds daily air connections with the cities of Lima, Cusco, Tacna and Juliaca and international destinations such as Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago de Chile, along with regular flights to Santa Cruz and La Paz in Bolivia.

In 2007 it had a flow of passengers equal to 575,587 passengers and a load flow of 2,083,196 kg. in the same year, it become second in the southern region for passenger traffic flow after Velasco Astete International Airport in Cuzco city, and third in the country. In 2008 the airport became the second largest airport in international passenger flow, behind Jorge Chávez International Airport.

Rail Transport

The railway transport enables communication between the coast and the mountains, with different levels of progress and expansion of population centers in the region. The system is formed by the lines: Cusco-Puno-Arequipa-Mollendo. It is strategically important in a multimodal communication system in the southern region, because it is the most efficient and economical way to transport heavy loads over long distances, especially for the mining industry. In Arequipa, the rail lines are no longer used for passenger traffic.

Land Transportation

The city of Arequipa has a road network of 1750 km. It has the second largest fleet of Peru (after Lima), with a size of 130,000 vehicles, comprising 86% urban transport, 3% smaller vehicles (motorbikes), 10% freight transport (trucks, trailers), and 4% interprovincial transportation (buses).

Education

According to information from the 2007 Census in Arequipa, there is a student population of 823,148 people over 3 years old who attend a regular school, which represents 95.24% of the entire provincial population of Arequipa. Most education services are concentrated in metropolitan Arequipa.

Nursery, primary and secondary education

In 2007 there were 22,819 kindergarten or nursery students, 165,212 in primary education, and about 245,250 in secondary education. The number of non-university students is 143,674.

University education

The percentage of students in the city of Arequipa is the highest in Peru, representing 23% of the population of the city and stands at a figure of 185,894 students . Therefore, Arequipa is Peru's second city but has the largest university population.

The city of Arequipa has the presence of local and foreign universities. Ten of them are private universities and there is a national one.

Local universities

Branches of other Peruvian universities

Branches of foreign universities

Sports

The town has various sporting facilities that has produced several outstanding athletes, and can be considered one of Peru's better prepared cities for the training of elite athletes. Among the facilities the city has for the practice of football are Universidad Nacional San Agustin Stadium, the Mariano Melgar Stadium, the Los Palitos stadium and Umacollo Stadium. The city of Arequipa has a good variety of facilities in which its practiced a lot of sports like football, tennis, basketball, swimming, golf, etc. Many local people are members of the Club International, which has a broad range of activities.

Soccer (football)

Soccer(football) is one of the most popular sports in the city and in the country. Arequipa has been represented by the FBC Melgar club, which has been the only provincial team to win the Peruvian Cup since 1971.

The total list of important Arequipean soccer(football) teams is:

Athletics

Athletics is another of the most developed sport activities. Several athletes has represented the city in national and international events. Arequipa was named the trans-Andean champion in the XI JUDEJUT PERU 2008.

Karting

There are two places where this sport can be practiced. The first is on the Jacobo Hunter district, better known as Cerro Juli, and the other, called Kartomania, is at the south end of La Marina Avenue bordering the Rio Chili.

Martial arts

There are the Karate Shotokan practised by the UNSA, Tae-kwondo Kyokushin Kai, and Kung Fu. Important figures in these sports are Sempai Danilo Tejada Loaiza, Sifu Alexander Lopez Fernandez, and Sensei Yoriko Bezerra, who have had very long careers and are supported by the IPD (Peruvian Sport Institute)

Swimming

There are two main public swimming pools, a 50 m. outdoor pool in Cayma, and a 35 m. indoor pool in Miraflores.

Culture

Arequipean culture is marked by the regional nature of its inhabitants. Arequipa, unlike other big Peruvian mestizo and indigenous cities features as "a Spanish island in an indigenous sea", is the wellspring of juxtaposed positions, and has regional patterns more clearly defined than the rest of Peru. It has been described by Thomas Love as a cultural oasis.

Gastronomy

Arequipan cuisine has been more heavily influenced by Spanish colonial cuisine than that in Lima and it has remained relatively free from the later influence of immigrants who migrated to Lima, such as the Chinese and Japanese. For example, a Spanish rabbit stew continues to be popular in Arequipa while in Lima it has now become a rare dish. The area's peppers and chili peppers, various fruits and vegetables, beef, sheep, guinea pig, pig, alpaca, ostrich, variety of fish and shrimp, milk and high quality cheeses, wines and pisco, corn, all provide great flavors. The restaurants where traditional food is sold are called picanterías.

Traditionally, a set list of dishes are served on each day of the week (and seldom changes) as was common during the Spanish colonial period. Monday: chaque, Tuesday: chair, Wednesday: chochoca, Thursday: red stew or potato flour, Friday: stew, Saturday: stew or timpusca, and Sunday: white broth, pebre loins and adobo.

Arequipa is known for its Spanish colonial style stews and casseroles cooked on firewood in clay pots at picantería. Among the best known are the Chupe de Camarones (shrimp), Ocopa Arequipeña, Rocoto Relleno (stuffed chili), Adobo, Solterito de Queso, Potato Cake, Costillar Frito, Cuy Chactado (Guinea Pig), Cauche de Queso, Locro, Chaque de Pecho, etc. Common items for desert include: Queso Helado, donuts, Spanish style convent candy, chocolates and Chicha de Jora (made of black corn, beer and anise liqueur).

Literature

The identity of Arequipean literature is well-defined. Mariano Melgar is one of the most important writers, then we have poetic voices from Benito Bonifaz, Manuel Castillo, José Mariano Llosa, Ignacio Gamio, among others. Writers like Manuel González Prada said, "No se nace en vano al pie de un volcán (In English: "Not in vain were we born at the foot of a volcano)", showing the pride and the loftiness that have always been notorious among the older people.

Currently Arequipa maintains a very intense literary life, and aims to develop a magnificent literature culture, making Arequipa the City of Culture in Peru. Arequipa is also known for the most important Peruvian writer alive, Mario Vargas Llosa, winner of the 2010 Nobel Prize of Literature.

Notable people from Arequipa

Sister cities

See also

References

  1. ^ Chambers, Sarah C. From Subjects to Citizens: Honor, Gender, and Politics in Arequipa, Peru 1780–1854. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press. 1999.
  2. ^ "Climate Statistics for Arequipa, Peru". http://www.theweathernetwork.com/statistics/c03377. 
  3. ^ "History of Arequipa". About Arequipa. http://www.aboutarequipa.com/abarequipa/english/history.asp. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  4. ^ Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática Distancia y tiempo que hay de la capital distrital a la capital provincial
  5. ^ National Institute of Statistic and Informatic Banco de Información Distrital
  6. ^ "Universidad Andina "Néstor Cáceres Velásquez"". Uancv.edu.pe. 28 Feb. 2010. http://www.uancv.edu.pe/web/?campus=4. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  7. ^ "Charlotte - Arequipa". 2004. http://www.charlottesistercities.org/Default.aspx?tabid=70. Retrieved 9 April 2008. 
  8. ^ Ayuntamiento de Guanajuato. "Ciudades hermanadas" (in Spanish). http://www.guanajuatocapital.gob.mx/ciudadeshermanas/cont/ArequipaEsp.pdf. Retrieved 27 July 2009. 
  9. ^ "Estudiantes de Universidad de San Agustín de Arequipa saludaron a alcaldesa". Municipioiquique.com. http://www.municipioiquique.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=13Itemid=9. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  10. ^ "Microsoft Word - RESUMEN EJECUTIVO RELACIONES.doc" (PDF). http://www.cochabamba.gov.bo/public/descargas/RELACIONES.pdf. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  11. ^ "Sister cities, Vancouver". Accci.com.au. 14 Nov. 2001. http://www.accci.com.au/sister.htm. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  12. ^ "State of hawaii's Sister States/Cities". Hawaii Government. http://hawaii.gov/dbedt/main/about/annual/2005/2005-sisterstates.pdf. Retrieved 26 July 2009. 
  13. ^ "Cultura > Città gemellater". Comune.biella.it. http://www.comune.biella.it/home/index.php?_cultura. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 
  14. ^ "Avventure nel Mondo - Centro di Documentazione". Viaggiavventurenelmondo.it. 28 May 2007. http://www.viaggiavventurenelmondo.it/nuovosito/eventi/cdoc/entry.php?id=107. Retrieved 5 Apr. 2010. 

External links

  • Peruvian cities with a population of over 100,000